In most countries, signing your name is enough to make a contract or legal document valid. But in Japan, it’s not so simple. Here, a small, engraved seal called a hanko often carries more weight than a handwritten signature. For foreigners and newcomers doing business or daily life in Japan, understanding the difference between using a hanko and a signature is critical.
In this article, we’ll explore the legal standing of both hanko and signatures in Japan, when each is accepted, and how to choose the right option for your needs.
What Is a Hanko?
A hanko is a personal seal used in Japan to authorize documents, contracts, and formal agreements. Hanko can be made from wood, horn, titanium, or acrylic and are typically engraved with the individual’s name or a company name. When used, the hanko leaves a red impression, often viewed as more formal and secure than a handwritten signature.
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Legal Weight of Hanko in Japan
Under Japanese law, a registered hanko (jitsuin) carries official legal recognition, especially when used with an inkan shomeisho (seal registration certificate). This combination proves the seal’s authenticity and the owner’s intent.
You’ll need a registered hanko for:
- Property transactions
- Company formation
- Marriage or divorce filings
- Loan and mortgage agreements
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What About Handwritten Signatures?
Signatures are increasingly being accepted in informal settings, such as:
- Signing delivery receipts
- Casual employment contracts
- Digital applications
However, many institutions—especially banks, real estate agencies, and government offices—still require a physical hanko for formal procedures.
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Can You Use a Signature Instead of a Hanko?
In limited cases, yes. The Japanese Civil Code does not outlaw signatures, and their validity can be upheld in court if there’s evidence of intent. But in practice, many institutions and legal processes are built around the assumption that a seal will be used.
For example:
- Accepted: Signatures on online contracts, NDAs, internal office memos.
- Not Widely Accepted: Real estate purchases, visa sponsorship documents, notarized forms.
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Hanko for Foreigners: Is It Required?
While not legally required, having a hanko makes life in Japan much easier. Most banks and rental agencies expect you to use one. Foreign residents can register a katakana-based hanko that matches their residence card.
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Is Digital Hanko the Future?
With the rise of remote work and digital tools, digital hanko or e-hanko systems are becoming more common. Some companies and government offices now accept electronic versions of seals—especially when documents are exchanged online. However, adoption remains slow.
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Final Verdict: Hanko or Signature?
| Situation | Preferred Method |
|---|---|
| Renting an apartment | Hanko (registered) |
| Opening a bank account | Hanko (bank seal) |
| Signing a delivery receipt | Signature or mitomein |
| Real estate transactions | Registered hanko |
| Submitting government paperwork | Registered hanko |
| Business emails and memos | Signature or seal |
Final Thoughts
While Japan is slowly modernizing, the hanko remains central to legal and business transactions. Whether you’re signing a lease or starting a company, using a properly registered hanko helps avoid delays and shows cultural fluency.
At HankoHub.com, we offer registered jitsuin, bank seals, and casual mitomein options for all situations. If you’re unsure which seal is right for your needs, our team will help you choose the perfect one.
Don’t leave it to chance—sign the Japanese way with a custom hanko from HankoHub.
